meta-notes (W)


1999-5-23

I think I started on the Llegisia lang in late 1996, & worked on
it some more in 1997.  Haven't done much with it (or anything in
the Caligoi) in quite a while.

Thoughts on the language in general:

The plural/universal distinction is really nifty.  

The family affixes for names & pronouns are pretty cool.

The verbal inflections aren't very imaginative, except for the
traditionality aspect markers.  k/g for tense aren't distinctive
enough.

However, the actual phonemic patterns for the cases - especially
the pronouns - are pretty hairy.  Think I'll re-work both noun &
verb inflections, have them agglutinative in the protolang &
become more chaotically synthetic in the postlangs. 

Break all the Llegisia stuff into separate Fw2 file...  maybe
later to HTML and rdb...?


-- later -- some phonology revision (drop "aa" as /&/,  then add
it (and ee, oo) as length variants.  Revision of number markers
(l, ll for both genders) and case stems.

Change g- to b- for future/conditional tense.
Revise pronouns to be consistent with noun stems (all start with
vowel i- or e-.



-- later -- sketched alphabet in gzb notebook


Old Llegisia 

Phonology (W)


Phonemes:
Consonants: l  (lit)
            r	(as English retroflex r)
            rr	(as French trilled r)
            
            g  (gecko)
            k  (komodo)
            t
            d
            p
            b
            
            s  (silence)
            z  (ease)
            sh
            zh
            c  (church)
            j	(joke)
            
            m
            n
            
            h
            
Semivowels
            ll  (/j/, as Spanish ll)
            w


Vowels:
	e  (bet)    /e/ 	lax, front, mid
            i  (meet)   /i/	tense, front, high
            a	(father) /a/	tense, central, low
            u  (mutt)   /@/	lax, back, mid
            o	(mogul)  /o/	tense, back, mid, rounded
            ou	(tool)   /u/	tense, back, high, rounded
Diphthongs:
            ei		/ej/
            ai      /aj/
            oi		/oj/
            
Length variants occur with the vowels aa, oo, ee.

"ng" always represents n+g, *not* a single nasal consonant.

.... haven't yet (3/97) worked out morphophonemics... need to do
it backwards now, tally up the consonant combinations I've used
already....

In verb inflection: (usually word-initial)
s/z/sh/zh + k/g/[other stops?] + l/r/[rr] 

medial:

-nj-
-g + n/k/s/...
-k + k/c/...
-lt-
-mt-
-stk-

word-final:
-md
-st

Syllable := Begin + (vowel | diphthong) + End
Begin := consonant | fricative + stop + (liquid |semivowel)
(Each part of the cluster is optional, but the whole thing
     isn't.  E.g., it could be fricative + liquid, stop + liquid,
     or fricative + stop... but not no consonant at all.)
End := (nothing) | consonant | (nasal | fricative) + stop

Any combination can occur medially, but the syllable boundary
     will probably fall between the consonants.

Stress & intonation:
Primary stress falls on the second syllable, secondary stresses
on other even-numbered syllables.

Intonation sometimes makes a topic-comment distinction over the
object-subject distinction: the newest or most important bit of a
sentence is uttered with rising-falling tone, the rest of the
sentence in level tone.


Grammar 

nouns (W)


Grammar:

There are two "genders" or noun classes: one primarily used for
tangible things, and the other primarily for intangibles. 
Gender, number and case-inflexion are marked by the beginning of
a noun.

There are three numbers: singular, plural, and universal.  The
universal number refers to the entire class denoted by a given
noun, the plural to a subset of the class.  Only universals and
proper names are capitalized in this Romanization of the Llegisia
script (which I've not designed in detail, but I know it has no
capital/lowercase distinction).  Proper names are indicated by
capitalizing the first letter of the *stem*, leaving the
case-number marker uncapitalized: e.g., aPikmin, having to do
with Pikmin.

There are three cases: nominative, genitive/possessive, and
accusative/dative/agentive.  The nominative is the subject of a
sentence or clause, or the location of something (with a spatial
preposition).  The genitive behaves like an adjective, pertaining
to the thing signified by the stem.  With various prepositions,
the genitive can mean the possessor or whole of which the subject
is a possession or part, the source of information, the source or
maker of the subject, etc.  The  accusative is used for the
direct object, or, with various prepositions, indirect object,
means, agent, beneficiary, destination place, and so forth.  The
same preposition often has a different meaning according as it is
is applied to a genitive or accusative noun.  

Adjectives must agree in gender, number and case with the noun
modified; they precede the noun.

Sample declensions:

	Tangible			Intangible
sng
n.	egisia (one of the Llegisia)	ishalt (word)
g.	agisia			ushalt
a.	ogisia			oushalt

plur:
n.	legisia			lishalt
g.	lagisia			lushalt
a.	logisia			loushalt

univ:
n.	Llegisia			Llishalt
g.	Llagisia			Llushalt
a.	Llogisia			Lloushalt

(summary: 

l = plural, ll = universal
back, mid, front vowel for nominative, genitive, accusative
close/open for intangible/tangible)

For abstracts, such as Llikol, "stability, permanence," the
universal refers to the concept, and the singular and plural to
one or more instances of the concept (one or more stable or
permanent things).

There are a few confusing exceptions, nouns for tangible things
which are of the "intangible" declension, and vice versa.  There
are even more exceptions in some of the descendant languages, due
to meaning change.



pronouns (W)


Pronouns:
(given here is stem only, inflection is regular)

First person: (no gender distinction)

ish

For first-person pronouns, the plural/universal distinction often
means an exclusive/inclusive distinction.  lish may signify the
speaker and others contrasted to the the hearer; Llish always
signifies both the speaker and hearer besides many others. 
However, the universal is not only used as an inclusive, but as a
general pronoun: it can signify "everyone", or every member of
some set to which the speaker belongs (all Llegisia, all female
Llegisia, all Restorers, whatever previous context indicates) in
a general statement.
 
Second person:
en	tangible
in	intangible

For second person pronouns, the universal number generally
indicates a group to which the hearer but not the speaker
belongs.

Third person:	
eg	tangible:
ig	intangible

Third-person universals indicate groups to which neither the
speaker nor hearer belongs.


verbs, etc. (W)


Verb conjugation is agglutinative and affixes to the beginning of
the word.  Verb stems begin with a vowel.  Tense-markers consist
of a stop plus a liquid, thus:

     k-, past
     -, present or timeless
     b-, future, conditional, optative
     -l-, continuing
     -r-, finished
     
     c-, verbal infinitive or participle
     Llim- or Llem-, nominal infinitive or participle

Thus, "cota," to talk, "sklota", I was talking, "slota," I am
talking, "sbrota," I will have talked, etc.  Never just "ota" -
the l/r perfective marker is obligatory.

The verbal participle is used as in serial verbs (as Esperanto
"sxatas ludi"); when the verb is something done; the nominal
participles are used when a general statement is made about the
action ("kurado lacigas").  The nominal infinitive inflects for
case as do the universal number markers.  For instance,

     cota lagit en.  to-talk have-permission you. (you may talk)
     
     Llikac lizha Llimota.  unwise now is talking. (talking would
          be unwise right now)

A few aspects are optionally marked in conjugation, principally
those dealing with competence and traditionalness:
     s-, well
     z-, poorly
     sh-, traditionally
     zh-, unconventionally, experimentally
     jo-, for the first time
     
thus,
     skrota, I have spoken well
     zhbrota, I am going to speak unconventionally.

Adverbs must agree with verbs in tense, aspect and mood.  Adverb
stems begin with vowels.  Adverbs precede the verbs modified.



word order (W)


Usual word order is OVS.

Adjectives (and genitive nouns) precede the nouns they modify,
adverbs immediately precede verbs.  Auxiliary verbs follow
infinitives.  (Not sure yet about relative clauses.)  Most other
particles are prepositional or parenthetical.


vocabulary 

general (W)


N.B.: Entries for verbs and adverbs are the verbal infinitive. 
     Entries for nouns and adjectives are the nominative universal,
     except for unique things, which are in the nominative singular.


Llegisia - Us.

Llecerrin - children (that is: sons and daughters of specific
     persons); used only formally or abstractly, see under family
     affixes for ordinary usage.

Lletikoum - children (emotionally and/or physically immature
     sentients)

Llejeirr - fathers (formal or abstract, see also family affixes)
Llekeirr - mothers (ditto)

Llebibjeirr - males ("potential fathers", but also applies to aged
     bachelors)
Llebibkeirr - females (similarly)

Lletwom - parents, grown-ups, elders (not necessarily formal)

Llemeic - water

Llishalt - words

Llikol - stability, permanence, tradition
ceikol - To remain the same, be stable.

Llemisia - community habit
cisia - to do by habit, with a routine manner

Llimikol - Proper or traditional arrangement, system, procedure.
Llemikol - Proper place or state (physical).
ceimikol - To put into proper place, arrange properly, follow proper
     procedure.

Llimend - habit, personal custom
ceimend - act according to (personal) habit

Llijeis - changefulness, decay, mortality, breach of tradition
ceijeis - to change, rot, die, be violated (subj.= tradition or habit)

Llikimd - strangeness



* Useful auxiliaries, etc.

cunjar - to exist, to be (intransitive)

cizha - to be (transitive, takes a nominal or adverbial object)

cilesk - to play the role of; to be (subject is usually a specific
     person & object a type of person)
	lopikharr lilesk shou.	I am a (professional) builder.

citoumk - to be located at (place object)

caagsit - to be obliged or required to (verbal infinitive object)

caagit - to be allowed to (verbal infinitive object)

coungij - to know how to (nominal infinitive object)

ceiso - to intend to

copaarr - to be inclined to


* Other verbs.

cota - to speak, talk

cipu - to act, take action (esp. upon some aforementioned problem or
     situation).

ceharr - to build (of houses, etc.); to plant (of orchards, gardens,
     etc.)

caagnou - to die "naturally", by causes not under the control of any
     sentient; 

caagkaac - to die by one's own stupidity or carelessness

caagso - to die by someone's intent (murder or suicide)

cirpes - to give (acc: gift, te + acc.: donee)

caaimg - to be similar or analogous to

cibsou - to obey, submit to



* misc nouns & adjectives

Llimota - languages

elahekamo - the sun

Llellahe - bright, luminous

Llekac - foolish, unwise

Llekamo - lower, day eyes

Llecig - upper, night eyes 

cikkamo - to see (with day eyes)
cikcig - to see (with night eyes)

Lleweltarr - a sort of stringed musical instrument

Llemourr - a garden where debates are held and community decisions
     made.

Lleshein - a private, family garden

Llezba - tree

Llezbikcig - Jhray (seeing trees)

Lle

* adverbs.

cishou - now

ceem - necessarily, by obligation



* conjunctions.  These are parenthetical, like Greek kai...kai.

og hi likamo hi lipu ish.
it-ACC. and see and act-upon I-NOM.
I see and act upon it.

hi - and (used with verbs and verb phrases). 
ha - and (used with nouns and noun phrases).
hei - and (used with modifiers (except genitive nouns))

wi - or (+ verbs)
wa - or (+ nouns)
wei - or (+ modifiers)


* prepositions:

te - + gen., belonging to; + acc., being given or transferred to
     (tangibles).
     te aMitash lizha eshein.  of Mitash is the garden.
     te oMitash loshein krirpes laKwolaap.  to Mitash the garden gave
     Kwolaap.

pa - + gen., maker or source of

nou - + acc., indirect object

kei - + gen., according to, by authority of, source of information;
     + acc., to whom information is given.

	kei aKwolaap nou kragnou ePikmin kei oMitash krota ish.
	according-to Kwolaap-gen that died-peacefully Pikmin-nom to
     Mitash-acc said I.
	I told Mitash that, according to Kwolaap, Pikmin had died
     peacefully.

Physical prepositions use the three cases to distinguish at, to, from.

mai - + nom. at, with, in;
	+ acc., to, towards; 
	+ gen., from, out of

shoi - + nom. on, atop of
	+ acc. onto
	+ gen. from on


affixes (W)


* affixes

These are of two sorts; suffixes, which attach at the ends of words,
and prefixes/infixes.  The latter fit between the case inflection and
the stem of nouns or between the tense/aspect inflection and the stem
of verbs; they simply prefix to pronouns.  A letter in brackets []
indicates a consonant that occurs only when the affix is used
nominally.  The main affixes are listed in about the order they would
be attached if several were affixed to the same stem.

Prefixes/infixes:

-waa-  - Modifies subsequent infix; indicates second degree,
     indirectness, etc.  E.g.: waajeiwishpouk, my honored grandfather
     (indirect-father-of-me-honored).  May be concatenated, for
     greater distance of relation; waawaakeiwishpouk, my honored
     great-grandmother (indirect-indirect-mother-of-me-honored).  Note
     that these apply to either paternal or maternal grandmothers;
     indirect-father doesn't mean father-of-father (that would be
     jeijeiwishpouk, my honored paternal grandfather).

-[p]ik-  - (v -> n) One who does (verb) habitually or professionally. 
     E.g., epikmikol, a Restorer. (n->v) Action typically taken by
     (noun).  E.g.: cikkamo (to see) from Llekamo (eyes).

-[l]ouk-  - (v->n) One who is doing (verb) at the moment (or in the
     past, klouk; future, blouk).  (n->v) (rarely used this way)  What
     so-and-so is doing at the moment.  Used occasionally to say that
     one person is imitating or following another, whose actions were
     previously mentioned.

-[l]aain-  - (v -> n) Place where (verb) is done.  (A tense-marker
     (k/b) can attach before the l; e.g., "eblainaharr" would mean "a
     place where building (or planting) is going to be done," i.e. a
     proposed construction site.  (n -> v)  What is done in such a
     place.  caainmourr, to debate (what's done in the Llemourr,
     forum-garden).

-[l]imt-  - (v -> n) Tool for doing (verb).  (n -> v)  What's done
     with (tool).

-[b]ib-	potiential.   Llebib

Suffixes:

-it - male; only applied to animal names.
-ap - female; only applied to animal names.  

(These are used by farmers for breeding livestock, sometimes by
     hunters.  It is a vulgar insult to apply these to sentients'
     names.  If one needs to specify the sex of a sentient without
     implying something nasty, use ..... )

-ti - young.  Affectionate connotation only when applied to proper
     names.

-ke - a lesser degree of the quality denoted by the stem.




Family affixes: Llegisia emota has several nominal infixes signifying
     persons related to the one indicated by the stem.  These often
     prefix to pronouns as well, and are used thus more often than the
     full nouns for family and social relations.  Except in an
     abstract discussion about family relations per se, one would use
     these affixes when talking about one's friends and relations;
     indeed, it is a grave occasion when one uses those words to refer
     to specific persons.  A child who hears his mother call
     "lacerrin!" knows he is in trouble.  The full nouns are used in
     speaking of the dead, or of estranged relations.

-jei-  father of
-kei-  mother of
-ho-  sibling of
-ce-  child of
-mi-  spouse of
-mbi-  fiancee' of (b = future)
-rraa-  dear friend of
-prri-  uncle or aunt (sibling of parent; NOT in-law of parent) of
-miprri-  uncle or aunt (by marriage) of
If the pronoun or noun stem begins with a vowel, -w- is inserted
     between the prefix and stem:

E.g.,
	jeiwish, my father
	rraawin, your friend
	ekeiMitash, Mitash's mother.

Vocative suffixes: These attach to proper names and second-person
     pronouns in direct address, and indicate various degrees of
     respect or contempt for the person addressed.

-pouk - honored one; applied to experienced Restorers (newly initiated
     Restorers are at first given the diminutive -tipouk), parents and
     ancestors, anyone the speaker particularly admires.

-ti - little one; applied affectionately to persons younger than the
     speaker, to one's students even if they are slightly older than
     oneself (but not if they're significantly older), etc.

-zhaast - evil one; applied to vandals and violent criminals.
-zhaastke - unscrupulous one; applies to thieves, liars,
     nonconformists and so forth.


old-Old Llegisia 

Phonology (W)


Phonemes:
Consonants: l  (lit)
            r	(as English retroflex r)
            rr	(as French trilled r)
            
            g  (gecko)
            k  (komodo)
            t
            d
            p
            b
            
            s  (silence)
            z  (ease)
            sh
            zh
            c  (church)
            j	(joke)
            
            m
            n
            
            h
            
Semivowels
            ll  (/j/, as Spanish ll)
            w


Vowels:	aa  (bat)   /&/	lax, front, low
            e  (bet)    /e/ 	lax, front, mid
            i  (meet)   /i/	tense, front, high
            a	(father) /a/	tense, central, low
            u  (mutt)   /@/	lax, back, mid
            o	(mogul)  /o/	tense, back, mid, rounded
            ou	(tool)   /u/	tense, back, high, rounded
Diphthongs:
            ei  (sleigh)  /ei/
            aai      /ae i/


"ng" always represents n+g, *not* a single nasal consonant.

.... haven't yet (3/97) worked out morphophonemics... need to do
it backwards now, tally up the consonant combinations I've used
already....

In verb inflection: (usually word-initial)
s/z/sh/zh + k/g/[other stops?] + l/r/[rr] 

medial:

-nj-
-g + n/k/s/...
-k + k/c/...
-lt-
-mt-
-stk-

word-final:
-md
-st

Syllable := Begin + (vowel | diphthong) + End
Begin := consonant | fricative + stop + (liquid |semivowel)
(Each part of the cluster is optional, but the whole thing
     isn't.  E.g., it could be fricative + liquid, stop + liquid,
     or fricative + stop... but not no consonant at all.)
End := (nothing) | consonant | (nasal | fricative) + stop

Any combination can occur medially, but the syllable boundary
     will probably fall between the consonants.

Stress & intonation:
Primary stress falls on the second syllable, secondary stresses
on other even-numbered syllables.

Intonation sometimes makes a topic-comment distinction over the
object-subject distinction: the newest or most important bit of a
sentence is uttered with rising-falling tone, the rest of the
sentence in level tone.


Grammar 

nouns (W)


Grammar:

There are two "genders" or noun classes: one primarily used for
tangible things, and the other primarily for intangibles. 
Gender, number and case-inflexion are marked by the beginning of
a noun.

There are three numbers: singular, plural, and universal.  The
universal number refers to the entire class denoted by a given
noun, the plural to a subset of the class.  Only universals and
proper names are capitalized in this Romanization of the Llegisia
script (which I've not designed in detail, but I know it has no
capital/lowercase distinction).  Proper names are indicated by
capitalizing the first letter of the *stem*, leaving the
case-number marker uncapitalized: e.g., luPikmin, having to do
with Pikmin.

There are three cases: nominative, genitive/possessive, and
accusative/dative/agentive.  The nominative is the subject of a
sentence or clause.  The genitive behaves like an adjective,
pertaining to the thing signified by the stem.  With various
prepositions, the genitive can mean the possessor or whole of
which the subject is a possession or part, the source of
information, the source or maker of the subject, etc.  The 
accusative is used for the direct object, or, with various
prepositions, indirect object, means, agent, beneficiary, and so
forth.  The same preposition often has a different meaning
according as it is is applied to a genitive or accusative noun.  

Adjectives must agree in gender, number and case with the noun
modified; they precede the noun.

Sample declensions:

	Tangible			Intangible
sng:
n.	lagisia			eshalt (word)
g.	lugisia			ishalt
a.	logisia			ashalt

plur:
n.	llagisia			teshalt
g.	llugisia			tishalt
a.	llogisia			tashalt

univ:
n.	Llegisia			Toushalt
g.	Lleigisia			Tushalt
a.	Llougisia			Teishalt


For abstracts, such as Toukol, "stability, permanence," the
universal refers to the concept, and the singular and plural to
one or more instances of the concept (one or more stable or
permanent things).

There are a few confusing exceptions, nouns for tangible things
which are of the "intangible" declension, and vice versa.  There
are even more exceptions in some of the descendant languages, due
to meaning change.



pronouns (W)


Pronouns:

First person: (no gender distinction)
	sng:	pl:	univ:
nom:	shou	llim	Llin
gen:	eshou	ellim	Ellin
acc:	eshouk	ellik	Ellik

For first-person pronouns, the plural/universal distinction often
means an exclusive/inclusive distinction.  llim may signify the
speaker and others contrasted to the the hearer; Llin always
signifies both the speaker and hearer besides many others. 
However, the universal is not only used as an inclusive, but as a
general pronoun: it can signify "everyone", or every member of
some set to which the speaker belongs (all Llegisia, all female
Llegisia, all Restorers, whatever previous context indicates) in
a general statement.
 
Second person tangible:
	sng:	pl:	univ:
nom:	e	ei	Rei
gen:	ke	kei	Krei
acc:	i	iw	Riw

Second person intangible:
	sng:	pl:	univ:
nom:	ik	trro	Torr
gen:	ak	trrei	Teirr
acc:	aak	trrow	Torrk

For second person pronouns, the universal number generally
indicates a group to which the hearer but not the speaker
belongs.

Third person tangible:
	sng:	pl:	univ:
nom:	lac	llac	Llec
gen:	luc	lluc	Lleic
acc:	loc	lloc	Llouc


Third person intangible:
	sng:	pl:	univ:
nom:	eg	teg	Toug
gen:	ig	tig	Tug
acc:	ag	tag	Teig

Third-person universals indicate groups to which neither the
speaker nor hearer belongs.


verbs, etc. (W)


Verb conjugation is agglutinative and affixes to the beginning of
the word.  Verb stems begin with a vowel.  Tense-markers consist
of a stop plus a liquid, thus:
     k-, past
     -, present or timeless
     g-, future (or conditional)
     -l-, continuing
     -r-, finished
     
     c-, verbal infinitive or participle
     Llem- or Toum-, nominal infinitive or participle

Thus, "cota," to talk, "sklota", I was talking, "slota," I am
talking, "sgrota," I will have talked, etc.  Never just "ota" -
the l/r perfective marker is obligatory.

The verbal participle is used as the object of verbs when the
verb is something done; the nominal participles are used when a
general statement is made about the action.  The nominal
infinitive inflects for case as do the universal number markers. 
For instance,

     cota laagit e.  to-talk have-permission you. (you may talk)
     Lloukaac lishou lizha Llemota.  unwise now is talking.
          (talking would be unwise right now)

A few aspects are optionally marked in conjugation, principally
those dealing with competence and traditionalness:
     s-, well
     z-, poorly
     sh-, traditionally
     zh-, unconventionally, experimentally
     jo-, for the first time
     
thus,
     skrota, I have spoken well, zhgrota, I am going to speak
     unconventionally.

Mood-markers attach before the tense-marker and any adverbial
markers.
     -, indicative.
     ma-, optative (the speaker's desire)
     mo-, improbability, doubt

Adverbs must agree with verbs in tense, aspect and mood.  Most
adverb stems begin with vowels.  Adverbs precede the verbs
modified.



word order (W)


Usual word order is OVS, but since cases make object and subject
clear, this is only the most common word order.  Adjectives (and
genitive nouns) precede the nouns they modify, adverbs
immediately precede verbs.  Auxiliary verbs follow infinitives. 
(Not sure yet about relative clauses.)  Most other particles are
prepositional or parenthetical.


vocabulary 

misc (W)


N.B.: Entries for verbs and adverbs are the verbal infinitive. 
     Entries for nouns and adjectives are the nominative universal,
     except for unique things, which are in the nominative singular.


Llegisia - Us.

Llecerrin - children (that is: sons and daughters of specific
     persons); used only formally or abstractly, see under family
     affixes for ordinary usage.

Lletikoum - children (emotionally and/or physically immature
     sentients)

Llejeirr - fathers (formal or abstract, see also family affixes)
Llekeirr - mothers (ditto)

Lletwom - parents, grown-ups, elders (not necessarily formal)

Llemeic - water

Toushalt - words

Toukol - stability, permanence, tradition
ceikol - To remain the same, be stable.

Toumikol - Proper or traditional arrangement, system, procedure.
Llemikol - Proper place or state (physical).
ceimikol - To put into proper place, arrange properly, follow proper
     procedure.

Toumend - habit, personal custom
ceimend - act according to habit

Toujeis - changefulness, decay, mortality, breach of tradition
ceijeis - to change, rot, die, be violated (subj.= tradition or habit)

Toukimd - strangeness



* Useful auxiliaries, etc.

cunjar - to exist, to be (intransitive)

cizha - to be (transitive, takes a nominal or adverbial object)

cilesk - to play the role of; to be (subject is usually a specific
     person & object a type of person)
	lopikharr lilesk shou.	I am a (professional) builder.

citoumk - to be located at (place object)

caagsit - to be obliged or required to (verbal infinitive object)

caagit - to be allowed to (verbal infinitive object)

coungij - to know how to (nominal infinitive object)

ceiso - to intend to

copaarr - to be inclined to


* Other verbs.

cota - to speak, talk

cipu - to act, take action (esp. upon some aforementioned problem or
     situation).

ceharr - to build (of houses, etc.); to plant (of orchards, gardens,
     etc.)

caagnou - to die "naturally", by causes not under the control of any
     sentient; 

caagkaac - to die by one's own stupidity or carelessness

caagso - to die by someone's intent (murder or suicide)

cirpes - to give (object: gift, indirect object (te + acc.) donee)

caaimg - to be similar or analogous to

cibsou - to obey, submit to



* misc nouns & adjectives

Toumota - languages

ellahekamo - the sun

Llellahe - bright, luminous

Llekaac - foolish, unwise

Llekamo - lower, day eyes

Llecig - upper, night eyes 

cikkamo - to see (with day eyes)
cikcig - to see (with night eyes)

Lleweltarr - a sort of stringed musical instrument

Llemourr - a garden where debates are held and community decisions
     made.

Lleshein - a private, family garden

Llezba - tree

* adverbs.

cishou - now (adv.)


* conjunctions.  Most of these are parenthetical, e.g.:

eshouk hi likamo hi lipu shou.
it-ACC. and see and act-upon I-NOM.
I see and act upon it.

hi - and (used with verbs and verb phrases). 
haa - and (used with nouns and noun phrases).
hei - and (used with modifiers (except genitive nouns))

wi - or (+ verbs)
waa - or (+ nouns)
wei - or (+ modifiers)

* prepositions:

te - + gen., belonging to; + acc., being given or transfered to
     (tangibles).
     te luMitash lizha lashein.  of Mitash is the garden.
     te loMitash loshein krirpes laKwolaap.  to Mitash the garden gave
     Kwolaap.

paa - + gen., maker or source of; + acc., ...?

nou - + acc., indirect object

kei - + gen., according to, by authority of, source of information;
     + acc., to whom information is given.
	kei luKwolaap nou kraagnou loPikmin kei loMitash krota shou.
	according-to Kwolaap that died-peacefully Pikmin to Mitash
     said I.
	I told Mitash that, according to Kwolaap, Pikmin had died
     peacefully.
	



affixes (W)


* affixes

These are of two sorts; suffixes, which attach at the ends of words,
and prefixes/infixes.  The latter fit between the case inflection and
the stem of nouns or between the tense/aspect inflection and the stem
of verbs; they simply prefix to pronouns.  A letter in brackets []
indicates a consonant that occurs only when the affix is used
nominally.  The main affixes are listed in about the order they would
be attached if several were affixed to the same stem.

Prefixes/infixes:

-waa-  - Modifies subsequent infix; indicates second degree,
     indirectness, etc.  E.g.: waajeieshoupouk, my honored grandfather
     (indirect-father-of-me-honored).  May be concatenated, for
     greater distance of relation; waawaakeieshoupouk, my honored
     great-grandmother (indirect-indirect-mother-of-me-honored).  Note
     that these apply to either paternal or maternal grandmothers;
     indirect-father doesn't mean father-of-father (that would be
     jeijeieshoupouk, my honored paternal grandfather).

-[p]ik-  - (v -> n) One who does (verb) habitually or professionally. 
     E.g., lapikmikol, a Restorer. (n->v) Action typically taken by
     (noun).  E.g.: cikkamo (to see) from Llekamo (eyes).

-[l]ouk-  - (v->n) One who is doing (verb) at the moment (or in the
     past, klouk; future, glouk).  (n->v) (rarely used this way)  What
     so-and-so is doing at the moment.  Used occasionally to say that
     one person is imitating or following another, whose actions were
     previously mentioned.

-[l]aain-  - (v -> n) Place where (verb) is done.  (A tense-marker (k
     or g) can attach before the l; e.g., "leglaainaharr" would mean
     "a place where building (or planting) is going to be done," i.e.
     a proposed construction site.  (n -> v)  What is done in such a
     place.  caainmourr, to debate (what's done in the Llemourr,
     forum-garden).

-[l]imt-  - (v -> n) Tool for doing (verb).  (n -> v)  What's done
     with (tool).

Suffixes:

-it - male; only applied to animal names.
-ap - female; only applied to animal names.  (It is a vulgar insult to
     apply these to sentients' names.)

-ti - young.  Affectionate connotation only when applied to proper
     names.

-ke - a lesser degree of the quality denoted by the stem.




Family affixes: Llegisia emota has several nominal infixes signifying
     persons related to the one indicated by the stem.  These often
     prefix to pronouns as well, and are used thus more often than the
     full nouns for family and social relations.  Except in an
     abstract discussion about family relations per se, one would use
     these affixes when talking about one's friends and relations;
     indeed, it is a grave occasion when one uses those words to refer
     to specific persons.  A child who hears his mother call
     "lacerrin!" knows he is in trouble.  The full nouns are used in
     speaking of the dead, or of estranged relations.

-jei-  father of
-kei-  mother of
-ho-  sibling of
-ce-  child of
-mi-  spouse of
-gmi-  fiancee' of (g = future)
-rraa-  dear friend of
-prri-  uncle or aunt (sibling of parent; NOT in-law of parent) of
-miprri-  uncle or aunt (by marriage) of
If the pronoun or noun stem begins with a vowel, -w- is inserted
     between the prefix and stem:

E.g., jeishou, my father; rraawe, your friend; lokeiMitash, Mitash's
     mother.

Vocative suffixes: These attach to proper names and second-person
     pronouns in direct address, and indicate various degrees of
     respect or contempt for the person addressed.

-pouk - honored one; applied to experienced Restorers (newly initiated
     Restorers are at first given the diminutive -tipouk), parents and
     ancestors, anyone the speaker particularly admires.

-ti - little one; applied affectionately to persons younger than the
     speaker, to one's students even if they are slightly older than
     oneself (but not if they're significantly older), etc.

-zhaast - evil one; applied to vandals and violent criminals.
-zhaastke - unscrupulous one; applies to thieves, liars,
     nonconformists and so forth.


words and names (W)


words & names already in place:

Josamendo (m.), Sorameia (f.) (gods)
(To be consistent with their naming-system, oughtn't the gods to
have single-syllable names?  O and Ei, maybe?  Or maybe just
punctuation marks. :)

wyltar - a string instrument
-puk  (honorific suffix)
-zhast	(the evil one; suffix applied to names of criminals)
Yahekamo  (f.; the sun)


Llaagizia Triyk  

sound shifts (W)


Sound changes from Old Llegisia:

s -> z between vowels (ditto other fricatives)
c/j -> sh/zh in clusters
h -> x (Gk. Chi, Ger. ach)
final nasal devoices (m/n --> mh/nh) if in unstressed syllable
        not part of cluster

w -> v (voiced bilabial fricative, not labiodental) between
        vowels or in cluster with voiced consonant; disappears in
        clusters with unvoiced consonant

e -> ee (as in Fr. "des") if stressed & before non-fricative
e -> a  before labials, laminodentals and laminal fricatives (t,
        d, s, z, sh, zh)
ou -> uu (same but lax) when unstressed
i -> y (same but rounded) before labial and laminodental
        consonants

Unstressed lax vowels (e, u, uu) often drop out, if a valid
        consonant cluster would result.

Consonant clusters must agree in voicedness.  When a voiced and
unvoiced consonant occurred together in the older form.....

Consequently some aspect distinctions are lost in verb
inflection; unvoiced liquid "lh" appears from l/r/rr in a cluster
with an unvoiced stop or fricative, also unvoiced nasals mh, nh,
to match unvoiced stops in the clusters where they appear
together.  Later, the new unvoiced nasals begin appearing by
themselves, mainly at the end of words.



New Phoneme inventory:

Consonants: l
            r
            lh  (unvoiced)
            
            g
            k
            t
            d
            p
            b
            
            s  (silence)
            z  (ease)
            sh
            zh
            c  (church)
            j	(joke)
            v  voiced bilabial fricative
            x
            
            m
            n
            mh voiceless nasals
            nh 
            
            h
            
Semivowels
            ll  (/j/, as Spanish ll)
            
////
Vowels:
	e  (bet)    /e/ 	lax, front, mid
            e				tense, front, mid
            i  (meet)   /i/	tense, front, high
            y			/y/	tense, front, high, rounded
            a	(father) /a/	tense, central, low
            u  (mutt)   //\/	lax, back, mid
            o	(mogul)  /o/	tense, back, mid, rounded
            uu		    /U/	lax, back, high, rounded
            ou	(tool)   /u/	tense, back, high, rounded
            
Diphthongs:
            ei
            ai
            oi?

Syllable := Begin + (vowel | diphthong) + End
Begin := consonant | fricative + stop + (liquid | semivowel) |
     liquid + fricative
(Each part of the cluster is optional, but the whole thing
     isn't.  E.g., it could be fricative + liquid, stop + liquid,
     or fricative + stop... but not no consonant at all.)
End := (nothing) | consonant | (nasal | fricative) + stop



grammar changes (W)

 
Regular verbs:
The aspect markers r/l are now infixes, coming after the first
vowel of the verb.  E.g., cexarr, to build:
		continuous	complete
present	elxarr		erxarr
past		kelxarr		kerxarr
future	gelxarr		gerxarr


Irregular verbs:
Some frequently-used verbs retain an older, transitory form of
inflection.  E.g., cizh, to be:
		continuous	complete
present	lizh			rizh
past		klhizh		krhizh
future	glizh		grizh


Nouns:

The different effects of vowel sound-changes according to the
first consonant of the stem causes noun case-number inflection to
split into several "declensions" for each gender.  E.g., 
          Llegisia --> Llaagiza
but
          Llecerrin --> Llecerrynh


	Tangible			Intangible
sng:
n.	lagiza			ezhald (word)
g.	lugiza			izhald
a.	logiza			azhald

plur:
n.	llagiza			tezhald
g.	llugiza			tizhald
a.	llogiza			tazhald

univ:
n.	Llaagiza			Tuuzhald
g.	Lleigiza			Tuzhald
a.	Lluugiza			Teizhald


	Tangible
sng:	
n.	lacerryn
g.	lsherryn
a.	locerryn

plur:
n.	Llacerryn
g.	Llucerryn
a.	Llocerryn

univ:
n.	Llecerryn
g.	Lleicerryn
a.	Lluucerryn



vocabulary 

pronouns (E)


misc (W)


Llaagiza - Us.

Llecerryn - children (that is: sons and daughters of specific
     persons); used only formally or abstractly, or in plural address,
     see under family affixes for ordinary usage.

     lluc llotom cybzou laagzit Llecerryn.  
     their parents obey must Children.

Lletikuum - children (emotionally and/or physically immature
     sentients)

Lletom - parents

Llemeic - water

Tuuzhald - words, ideas



* Useful auxiliaries, etc.

cunzhar - to exist, to be (intransitive)

cizha - to be (transitive, takes a nominal or adverbial object)

cilesk - to play the role of; to be (subject is usually a specific
     person & object a type of person)
	lopixarr lilesk shou.	I am a (professional) builder.

citoumg - to be located at (place object)

caagzit - to be obliged or required to (verbal infinitive object)

caagid - to be allowed to (verbal infinitive object)

coungij - to know how to (nominal infinitive object)

ceiso - to intend to

copaarr - to be inclined to

...


cybzou - to obey, submit to




affixes (E)


texts (E)