Lesson 2 - Talking about location and motion.  

kaxj-kox o runx-zox.
I'm going to the store.

rix'max rqnx runx-zox.
I'm leaving the house.

runx-zox dejv-ram tu-i.
Dave is coming / going / in motion.

swynx sin tyn-van kyl miq-i.
The box is on the desk. 

swynx son kyl hxy-i tyn-zox.
I put the box onto the desk.

In the last lesson we talked a little about the verb endings {zox} and
{van}.  It may please you to know these are about the only verb forms
you need to learn.  No tenses, aspects, moods, and the like.  There
are also the reflexive and reciprocal verb endings {-ca} and {-moxj}
that we'll come to later.

{zox} shows an action.  The most common motion verbs are 
{runx-zox}, to go or come, and {tyn-zox}, to put in place.

{van} shows a state of being.  {tyn-van} means "be located at" a
place.  {runx-van} is being in motion.

In the above examples you saw several words describing where something
is: {o} "to", {sin} "on", {inx} "in",  {son} "onto".
gzb has more than 300 words describing the position or motion of
something like English "at, to, from, into...".  But you don't have to
memorize them all.  They're put together systematically from
consonants and vowels that specify the meaning of the words.

If a word contains one of the vowels {i, o, rq} you know it's a place
or motion postposition, and you know in general whether something is
stationary or moving.

i	  at, near
o	  to, toward
rq	  away from, out of

Consonants coming before or after one of these vowels makes it more specific.
{nx} following shows the inside of a place, {n} its outer surface, and
{j} being near something but not touching it.

inx	  inside
in	  outside
onx	  into
on	  to the outside of
rqnx	  from inside of
rqn	  from outside of
ij	  near
oj	  toward (but not yet all the way to)
rqj	  from somewhere (not having been right there)

Obviously some of these are rarely useful, but they are available if
you need this precision.

A consonant preceding one of these core postpositions shows
orientation about a place.  {sin}, {son} mean "on, onto"; generally
{s} before a place or motion vowel indicates the top or upper part of
a place.  Try to generalize from these other examples:

swynx txi mwiql-van raxm jqaxr-i.
The cat is sleeping under the table.

kaxj-kox vij zqax-van.
I'm waiting in front of the store.

A full list of the space relation consonants is in the grammar
reference.  I'll introduce more of them in other lessons.

Several new role-markers were also introduced in the example sentences
above:

tu-i		the agent or actor in a sentence (Dave)
hxy-i		the thing acted upon (like the box being put onto the desk)
jqaxr-i		a person or animal that's experiencing some involuntary process (like the sleeping cat)

These roles correspond more or less to the "subject" and "object"
positions in an English sentence that describes an action.

kjiq hxy-i vax-onx-zox raxm tu-i.
raxm tu-i vax-onx-zox kjiq hxy-i.
vax-onx-zox raxm tu-i kjiq hxy-i.
The cat eats the mouse.

The {tu-i} phrase, the {hxy-i} phrase and the verb can come in any
order (though the typical order is patient, verb, agent).  But {tu-i}
and {hxy-i} always come *after* the noun they mark.

Note that in English, the "subject" and "object" positions in a
sentence are broad abstractions which can be occupied by words whose
referents can have a wide variety of real-world relationships to each
other; not just thing-acting and thing-acted-upon as in "The cat eats the
mouse", for instance, but "person/thing I'm talking about" (that is,
"topic", marked by {miq-i} in gzb), "person/thing that experiences something"
(marked by {jqaxr-i}  in gzb), and various others.  gzb has many very
specific words for these relationships, which we'll introduce gradually
in later lessons.


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Vocabulary

swynx	     table, desk; any piece of furniture you pile your stuff on
tyn	     place
tyn-van	     to be at, on, near...
tyn-zox	     to put in place
runx	     motion, going, coming
runx-zox     to go, come

kaxj	     buying, selling
kaxj-kox     store
rix'max	     house 
zqax	     waiting

raxm	     cat
kjiq	     mouse
kyl	     box, jar, bottle, vase, urn; any rigid container