Phonology & writing
Sonaro & literaro

This is somewhat linguistically technical; for a non-technical
presentation see "Lesson 0".


The writing system is phonetic.  My ASCII transcription is a superset
of x-convention Esperanto.  My handwriting for gzb however has evolved
to something that no longer so much resembles the Esperanto alphabet.
Perhaps when I get a scanner I'll put up a sample.  anyway...

A letter followed by x or q is a digraph, so {sx} represents the fricative
in English "shoe" and {iq} represents the lax vowel in English "lip".

jen: x kaj q formas dusignajxojn, kiel en X-konvencia Esperanto.

Whenever in this description 2 letters appear paired like {t/d}, the
first is unvoiced and the second voiced.

la koecaj konsonantoj / stop consonants / fiq-txy keq'pax-baw

p/b     labial stops
t/d	alveolar stops
k/g     velar stops
kx      uvular stop

la hxoecaj / fricative consonants / sqix'fy-baw


f/v	bilabial fricatives (before mid/back vowels)
	labiodental fricatives (before front vowels)
px      bilabial trill or strongly aspirated /ph/
tx/dx	dental fricatives
s/z	alveolar fricatives
sx/jx	postalveolar fricatives
hx/hq   velar  fricatives -  ach laut
sq/jq	palatal fricatives - ich laut 
h	glottal fricative

fx/vx	labiodental affricates  /pf/ & /bv/
c/zx	alveolar affricates /ts/ & /dz/
cx/gx	postalveolar affricates /tS/ & /d3/
cq/zq	palatal affricates  /cc,/ & /dj,/


la noecaj / nasals / niqm-baw

m	bilabial nasal
n	alveolar nasal
nx	velar nasal


la loecaj: / liquids

r	alveolar tap alone syllable-inital (e.g. {raxm}; alveolar
	approximant if clustered ({rjax}) or syllable-final ({hyr}).

l	lateral approximant, dental or alveolar

klakoj: / clicks & ejective / kq-pq-baw

kq	velar ejective - same pt of articulation as k, g, hx... tongue
	suddenly pushed forward
lq 	alveolar click - front of tongue pulled from roof of mouth
tq	dental click- tip of tongue pulled from between teeth
pq	bilablial click - lips pulled apart suddenly
mq	similar as {pq}, but nasal

voyelles: / vokaloj / vowels:

Front:
i	close high unrounded
ix	close high rounded
iq	open high unrounded
e	close mid unrounded
ox	close mid rounded
ax	very open mid unrounded

Central:
rq	high retroflex
eq	mid unrounded
a	open low unrounded

Back:
u	close high rounded
y	open high rounded
o	close mid rounded
oq	open mid rounded

All have nasal and oral versions.  The nasal version is indicated by
following {nq}, as in such minimal pairs as {zunq} (alive) vs. {zu}
(only), {bax} (zero) vs. {baxnq} (permission).

demivoyelles/semivowels, approximants:

j	palatal
w	bilabial

Phonetic signs:
nq	nasalises la voyelle precedente
rx	A non-gzb rhotic sound in a foreign name.

By vowel harmony if any syllable of a word is nasalized, so are all.
So {nq} appears only at the end of a root word (or conjunction), never
in suffixes or clitics.  In other words, nasality is allophonic not
phonemic in clitics & affixes.



morphophonemics

Any consonant can occur at the beginning of a syllable.
Only a nasal or approximant can occur at
the end.  An approximant can follow the initial consonant.

Syllabe types:

cv	zu	only
csv	pwiq	delight
ssv	lju	reading
cvs	muw	subset
cvn	hqum	fear
cvsn	kujm	motive
csvn	sjum	thanks


La vokalo de silabo montras gxian specon - :

i, o, rq     rolvortetoj (postpozicioj)  (ekz. {rqnx}, "el")
inq, onq     fraz-konjunkcioj  (ekz. {kinq}, "kaj")
e, oq	     ceteraj vortetoj (ekz. {mwe}, "nepre")
a, ox	     afiksoj (ekz. {-cox}, "mal-")

ix, eq	     unua aux meza silabo de multsilaba radiko
u, y, iq, ax
	     sola aux fina silabo de ordinara radiko
ekz:	     {fix'sunq}, "tero"; {runx}, "irado"


elparolo / Pronunciation

Stress & intonation aren't phonemic, but generally the final
syllable of the chief root in each word is emphasized.

RUNx-zox
fix'SUnq-bly

Unwritten glottal stop goes between adjacent vowels, as in
{miq-i}, {vax-onx-zox}.  That is, ALL words in gzb begin with a
consonant, and the glottal stop appears initially only in the nonspecific
postpositions such as {i, o, rq}.

Acronyms are pronounced by inserting {eq} after the first
consonants, {u} after the last; stress on last syllable.

gzb 	/geq zeq BU/



skribo  (reviziita -> v0.31) 

ne uzas majusklajn literojn.  majusklajn oni povas uzi por montri
akcxenton en fremdlingvaj propraj nomoj, ekzemple 

"hAxw'rqd-ram fIql'eqps-lEqv'kraxft-sqam - Howard Phillips Lovecraft

"gxIqm-ram hIqnrij-sqam - Jim Henry

(La afiksoj {-ram} kaj {-sqam} markas personajn kaj familiajn nomojn.)



tiparo

Skribe, mi simple uzas hokon (^) por la literoj cx, dx ktp 
kaj malhokon (\/) por tiuj eq, hq, kq, ktp.

Askie mi uzas tiun x/q konvencion, sed jen Latin-3 mapado...

lq £
mq µ

hx ¶ 
hq ± 
sq º
jx ¼
zx ¿
nx  ñ
gx ø
sx  þ
cx æ

(La vokalsignoj validas ankaux en Latin-1, sed la plimulto el la
supraj konsonantosignoj nur haveblas en Latin-3.)

ax â
eq ë
ix î 
iq ï
rq ß
ox ô  
oq ö 

160:    ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯
176:  ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿
192:  À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï
208:  Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß
224:  à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï
240:  ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ


Tipoj mankas por la ceteraj literoj.



punktajxoj:

.	finas cxiun frazon 
?	antauxas demand-frazon
!	antauxas pet-frazon
*	antauxas grav-frazon aux vorton
..	sekvas finan frazon de alineo
( ) 	povas cxirkauxi subfrazon
{ }	cxirkauxas citajxon
"	malsekvas propran nomon

- 	inter-as radik-o-j-n en kun-met-it-a vort-o

'	in'ter-as si'lab-o-j-n de mult-si'lab-a ra'dik-o

~, &, |, @
	anstatauxas kelkajn konkunciojn kaj rolmontrilojn

~	miq-i  (pri)
&	kinq  (kaj)
+	pe   (kaj)
@	i   (cxe)